GRE句子填空“13+1”解题技巧(3)
2009-04-26来源:
2.4 方法之四:因果关系解法
凡是包含because, since, for, if, thus, hence, so that, so...that..., so...as to..., therefore, consequently, as a result, accordingly, in that, result in, result from, cause, give rise to, derive from, lead to, be due to 等词汇的题目,必是在陈述某种因果关系(causal relationship)。在解因果关系时,必须牢记下述事项。首先,在原因(cause)和结果(effect)之间,应存在一种内在的必然的逻辑关系。换言之,当原因或前提条件为充分时,其结果或结论应是必然的和充分的,而不应是或然的或似是而非的,反之亦然。其次,按因果律高度统一的原则,可从已知的原因推知结果,或从已知的结果推出原因,在诸多情况下,原因即为结果,结果即为原因,两者为同义互补的关系。第三,从感情色彩上看,正面的原因必引发正面的结果,负面的原因必造成负面的结果,两者之间或同为褒义,或同为贬义。第四,除了能辩认出包含上述词汇的明显的因果关系外,还应能辩认出某些不直接的和隐含的因果关系。在英语中,大多数的定语从句,以by引导的被动语态,以及by表示手段或方式,甚至名词前的形容词,都可以归纳到间接的因果关系这一范畴中。最后,切记在无连接词的情况下两个句子间凡出现冒号或分号这两种标点符号时,这亦为因果关系(参见前述“标点符号的启示”)。
例 Ⅰ:
He labored industriously at the job for long, weary hours, giving ---------- of his energy and loyalty, no matter how great the demands; as a result, when the plant superintendent’s position fell vacant, he was ---------- nominated by the directors.
(A) grudgingly ... thoughtlessly
(B) sparing ... almost
(C) some ... again
(D) unstintingly ... unanimously
(E) freely ... reluctantly
〖解答〗
题中的"as a result"标志着明确无误的因果关系。空格Ⅰ:既然某人"labored industriously",则可用 (D) unstintingly或(E) freely来描述他所付出的一切。(A) grudgingly 和(B) sparingly均为“吝啬”之意,与题意相反,且存在严重逻辑矛盾。(C) some 为不充分的条件。空格Ⅱ:由于第一部分中的原因带有积极的正面色彩,故结果亦应是积极正面的,则以(D) unanimously为正确。(E) reluctantly为负面消极的,应予排除。
〖中译〗
他工作勤勉,长时间地致力于那令人倦乏的活计,不管要求有多苛严,总是毫不吝啬地付出其精力和耿耿忠诚;基于这一原因,当工厂的监工位置空缺时,他被异口同声地获得了董事们的提名。
例 Ⅱ:
Since the escaping vapor proved to be highly ----------, measures were at once taken for the ---------- of the experiments.
(A) noxious ... cessation
(B) gaseous ... reduction
(C) volatile ... ratification
(D) incriminating ... destruction
(E) observable ... insulation
〖解答〗
句首的Since一词是因果关系的明显标志。尽管作为原因的空格Ⅰ和作为结果的空格Ⅱ很难从题目本身推断出应代入词汇的特定语义,但至少有三点是明确的。首先,两空格间的因果关系须是充分的,其次,所代入前后空格的词汇或均为褒义词,或均为贬义词。唯(A)项可符合上述条件。(B)项为中性/贬义,(C) 项为中性/褒义,因果关系无法成立。(D)incriminating用以描述主语escaping vapor是极不合情理的,(E) 项亦毫无针对性可言。
〖词汇〗
noxious: 1.有害(毒)的 2.使道德败坏的,可憎的
volatile: 1.易挥(散)发的 2.变化无常的
ratification: 正式批准
incriminate: 1.暗示…有罪、控告 2.牵连,归咎于
〖中译〗
鉴于泄漏的气体证明极为有毒,故即刻采取措施,中止实验。
例 Ⅲ:
Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelman neglected to neutralize, by some ---------- gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his ---------- the high and mighty.
(A) quixotic ... intrigue with
(B) enigmatic ... familiarity with
(C) propitiatory ... involvement with
(D) salutary ... questioning of
(E) unfeigned ... sympathy for
〖解答〗
空格Ⅰ:"by some...gesture"(通过某种…的姿态)标志着手段,"to neutralize the resentment"(去消解愤怒)则表示目的。手段与目的之间的关系可视作一种间接的因果关系, 而因果关系则意味着同义词关系,这样,从目的便可推知手段,即代入该空格的词汇须体现“消解愤怒”之意。则(C) propitiatory为恰当。空格Ⅱ:其后的"the high and mighty"指的是上文中的"those in power",可将后者前的"cultivating"以名词形式移入,则求得其同义词(C) involvement。
〖词汇〗
cultivate: 建立(友谊),结交朋友
neutralize: 使成为无效,抵消
be bound to :注定要
quixotic: 愚侠的,不切实际的,盲目空想的
propitiatory: 劝人息恕的,抚慰的,谋求他人好感的